: The First Electromechanical Slots
After the war, the US government was lured by tax incentives to promote money-based gambling again, and coin slots returned. One of the biggest technological leaps forward came from Bally which started as a Chicago pinball manufacturing company.
They began to make inroads into gambling equipment, improving the mechanical slots that had gone before. Their 1964 Money Honey machine pushed the concept of a slot on, being the first electromechanical device in existence. All the reels worked using electricity, though the operating mechanism of pulling the arm was still in place. It also included the new feature of a bottomless hopper, which allowed the machine to dispense a vast number of coins in one go.
In 1971, the Atari company released the Pong videogame. A gaming boom followed, and video slots were a natural progression that blended the two. The first video slot machine came in 1976 and was known as the Fortune Coin, created by the Fortune Coin Company. Featuring a 19-inch Sony CRT television as the display, it appeared grandly at the Las Vegas Hilton. After approval from the Nevada State Gaming Commission, it was released to the rest of the Vegas strip.
: The Origin of Slot Machines
The first step made in the slots origin was with the automated card machine. Invented by Sittman and Pitt, they released their first device to the public in 1887. It consisted of a dial that contained five different drums, each holding fifty playing cards. Placing a coin in the device would spin the drums, with winning hands based on the ones used in poker.
Sittman and Pitt’s machine could not take the mantle of the first slot machine as it did not provide any pay out. If a good hand arrived, then the bar owner would offer a prize, such as a beer. Two cards were also removed from the standard deck, so this made getting certain hands totally impossible.
The next great advancement in slots history was the Liberty Bell machine. It had fewer possible winning combinations than the Sittman and Pitt Card machine allowing it to provide the first mechanical pay out. Invented by Charles Fey, this Bavarian immigrant had come to the USA to find his fortune during the gold rush. Two of his earlier machines, the Horseshoe and 4-11-44 had already proved popular.
This new machine consisted of a mere three spinning reels. Each had diamonds, spades, and hearts painted upon it and the image of a cracked liberty bell. If you hit three liberty bells in a row, you would get the grand pay out and win big.
Fey did not rest on his laurels and carried on devising a range of gambling inventions. He invented a draw poker machine and devices known as Draw Power, Klondike, and the Three Spindles. One of his most useful inventions was the Trade Check Separator, which could detect fake coins that had been placed in the machine.
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: The Fruit Machine is Born
The Liberty Bell would prove to be a tremendous success. Fey himself would lease them to bars and split the profits 50/50. Each was hand-made in a small workshop by the inventor himself, though he struggled to keep up with demand. Refusing to sell the rights, it was only a matter of time before imitators began to spring up.
When it comes to the history of slot machines, one of the most popular of these was the Operator Bell. A homage to the Liberty Bell, it was created by Chicago manufacturer Herbert Mills. Responding to a ban on cash-based machines, his system would dispense fruit-flavoured gum and sweets. Instead of symbols from playing cards, fruits such as cherries and lemons were on the dial. It was also the first time the famous bar symbol would be included on a machine, and it was based on the company logo. Hence, the term ‘fruit machine’ was born.
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Could you imagine the sights and sounds of the casino floor without the slot machine? Its flashing lights, ringing bells, and the enticing tingle of crashing coins make the experience whole. Or even the vast collection of online slots available on your smartphone? Yet they have not always been a permanent fixture in gambling establishments or online.
Coin-operated machines started to appear around 1880. Novelty machines would sit in bars, attracting wagers from drinkers and patrons. It was not long before this healthy competition was incorporated into a machine itself.
: Progressive Jackpot
1986 saw the introduction of the first progressive jackpot on a slot machine: ‘Megabucks’ by IGT. These machines had a pot made by taking a small fraction of each wager. When it was not won, this progressive jackpot increased to enormous amounts. This would see machines in a casino link together for one grand jackpot. All you need to do is look at the amounts that have been won on online progressive slots to see how popular they remain to this day.
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: Slots Move Online
The first online casino was developed by Microgaming in the mid-1990s, and would mark the beginning of online gaming for real money. In 1996 WMS Industries came up with the first second-screen video slot game: ‘Reel ‘Em In’. This game opened up a second screen for the bonus round, an innovation which has been widely imitated and improved upon over the following decades. The first online jackpot slot game was ‘Cash Splash’ (another Microgaming creation) and this game has been responsible for some of the biggest jackpot payouts of all time.
It would not take too long for online slots to move from computers to phones. Wireless application protocol arrived with the first generation of Nokia mobile phones. Creators of games could collect payments via SMS or WAP push. This would then allow people to download their games, and the first wave of these was several casino-based titles.
However, people could not place bets or wagers on the actual games when using their phones. This would not be possible until the arrival of Apple’s iOS and Android operating systems. Now much closer to a small computer than a traditional phone, these games were a better appropriation of video slots found in a casino. With the rise of commercial internet, whole casinos began to flourish online and on mobile devices. Online slots and the world of iGaming had been born.
The very first slot machine did not use many of the symbols we’ve come to know and love, such as fruits or BAR. This rudimentary device from 1891 was based on combinations of 50 playing cards, with poker hands such as the Full House serving as a winning spin.
South Ukrainian national pedagogical university named
after K. D. Ushynsky: history and modernity
South Ukrainian national pedagogical university named after Kostiantyn Dmytrovych Ushynsky is one of the oldest educational institutions of Ukraine and the first teaching one on the northern Black Sea coast.
The University started as a Pedagogical Institute which was established pursuant to the Decree of the Emperor Oleksandr the First in Odesa on May, 2, 1817, as a separate structural unit at the Rishelievskyi lyceum.
During 200-year history the University passed a complex way of repeated name changes (the Institute of Teachers, the Institute of People’s Education, Odesa State Pedagogical Institute named after K. D. Ushynsky, South Ukrainian State Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky, South Ukrainian national pedagogical university named after K. Ushynsky), liquidations and updates.
Before 1941 the Institute used to be one of the largest in the city by the number of enrolled students. However, during World War II the Institute was evacuated. It was relocated to the city of Bayram-Ali in Turkmen SSR, where it functioned until 1944.
Fifteen hundred students and teachers went to the front, almost seven hundred of which were killed. Three defenders – Vasyl Musin, Volodymyr Morhunenkov and Anatolii Kovalenko were awarded the titles of Hero.
For outstanding achievements in the training of teaching staff in 1945 by the Resolution of the Government of Ukraine the Institute was given the name of the outstanding scientist and teacher – Kostiantyn Dmytrovych Ushynsky.
In 1970 Odesa State Pedagogical Institute named after K. Ushynsky was awarded a diploma of the Presidium of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine.
September 29, 1994, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on the basis of Odesa State Pedagogical Institute named after K. D. Ushynsky created South Ukrainian State Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky.
In 2007, the staff of the University was awarded by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine for the contribution to the development of education, training highly qualified specialists, productive scientific and pedagogical activity and employment gains.
July 13, 2009 by the Decree of the President of Ukraine the University granted a national status.
The golden pages in the history of Ukraine and the University wrote its famous teachers and scientists, researchers, students and graduates who have made an invaluable contribution to the development of education and science at the global level, namely: twice State prize laureate, founder of new directions in the theory of physics A. Y. Kiv, State prize laureate, founder of theoretical and methodological foundations of modern psychology S.L. Rubinstein, State prize laureate Academician A. M. Bogush, the founder of experimental psychology Professor M. M. Lange and the founders of different scientific schools, which received international recognition – Academicians D. K. Tretyakov, O. Ya. Chebykin, O. P. Sannikova, Corresponding Members N.G. Chebotarev, V. I. Voitko, D. A. Sviridenko, R. Yu. Martynova, S. O. Skvortsova etc., the founder of Professional Pedagogy Professor R. I. Hmelyuk; famous artists: poets – V. A. Bershadsky, A. Sh. Huberman, V. I. Ivanovych; writers – S. I. Oliinyk, Ye. S. Kravchenko, I. A. Lutsenko; folk artists – A. I. Loza, P. A. Zlochevsk; outstanding athletes – Olympic champions M. Nikolaeva, G. Mondzolevsky, Ye. Lapyns'ky, V. Mykhalchuk, Ya. Zheleznyak, S. Petrenko, N. Olizarenko, O. Sokolovs’ka, G. Avdeenko, M. Milchev, Yu. Bilonog, D. Alekseev, S. Demchuk, Yu. Cheban, V. Lomachenko and others, Hero of Labour G. Tsvihun, Hero of Ukraine B. D. Lytvak, People’s Teacher M. M. Paltyshev and more than two thousand distinguished scientists, artists, representatives of people’s education.
The modern University is the flagship of pedagogical education in the South of Ukraine, where students, post-graduate students and doctors have been successfully training in 47 specialties and specializations.
Since its establishment more than 100,000 specialists for the educational system of our country and thirty other countries have been trained within its walls.Among its graduates and pedagogues are ministers, deputies of different levels, mayors, heads of large institutions, famous scientists and educators, directors of research institutes, schools, rectors of higher educational institutions, trainers and masters of sports, winners of Olympiads, recognized artists who made an invaluable contribution to the development of education and science worldwide.
The University is composed of 38 departments that are headed by doctors and professors – recognized experts in their fields. About five hundred teachers and twenty foreign specialists work at its departments.
There are twelve academicians, seventy professors, doctors of science among the pedagogues; eighteen teachers have an honourary title “Honoured Worker of Science of Ukraine”, “Honoured Worker of Education of Ukraine”, “Honoured Worker of Culture”, “Honoured Artist of Ukraine”, “Honoured Coach of Ukraine” and are the winners of state awards. A lot of University scholars were presented with international awards, elected to be members of national and international academies, societies and associations.
The most important scientific studies at the University were carried out in the framework of seventeen internationally recognized scientific schools.
The results of the University studies are reflected in printed works – more than two thousand scientific papers are annually published at home and foreign editing houses. Numerous monographs are published in different languages and in cooperation with the scholars of the USA, Israel, China, Great Britain, Lithuania and other countries.
Every year the University supports organizations of more than thirty international and Ukrainian scientific conferences. The University of Ushynsky is a founder of scientific journals in philosophy, political science, sociology, psychology, pedagogy, philology and others.
The University offers seven specialized Doctoral and Candidate Thesis Committees in twelve majors. Each year more than seventy theses are passed. Three hundred Ukrainian and foreign students from fifteen countries take postgraduate and doctorate courses as well as individual academic programs.
Almost three thousand students are involved in scientific work, the results of which are reflected in thousands of articles published every year. The participants of the educational process are winners of almost seventy contests, competitions and various Olympiads of national and international levels.
According to SCOPUS database the University ranks first among pedagogical universities of Ukraine.
The University collaborates with eighty educational and scientific institutions around the world.
There is an International Centre for Distance Learning functioning in association with the University; educational scientific information and culture offices of the State of Israel, the USA, Lithuania, China and Korea develop their work under the support of the University. The establishment is a coordinator of project studies by international programs Tempus, Vyshehrad Fund, the “Ukraine-Norway“ Fund and others).
The University is constantly developing. In recent years there was a significant increase in number of majors and specializations of training graduate, postgraduate and doctoral students. The University has an extensive system of material resources for providing educational process and scientific work. Thus, a modern scientific library was put into operation.
The University provides all necessary conditions for artistic, creative and sports activities of its students who can participate in forty sections and hobby groups.
Significant sporting achievements of the University students and graduates of different years are represented with twenty five Olympic champions, eighty three winners of world and European championships, twenty-eight honoured coaches and masters of sports of Ukraine.
Amateur creative collectives take part in many prestigious competitions and festivals in Ukraine, Poland, Czech Republic, China, the United States and other countries where they annually win prizes and get the Grand Prix.
Currently, according to different ratings the University is among the leaders of pedagogical and humanities universities and is presented with high awards, namely those of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine and others.
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